Curbing the “Wolf Within”: How Shared Values and State Power Foster Global Peace
The ancient struggle between human aggression and the desire for peace remains the focal point of modern social stability. Drawing from the wisdom of the Arab poet Al-Uhaymir al-Sa’di and the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, experts argue that humanity must actively “bridle” its destructive instincts to survive. This transition from raw “wolf-like” behavior to a civilized society requires a foundation of shared values, the recognition of mutual rights, and the protective framework of a tolerant state.
The Human Paradox: Historically, humans have been viewed as “wolves” to one another, making coexistence impossible without ethical boundaries. Universal Values: Peace, honesty, and empathy were crafted by prophets and philosophers to limit human cruelty. The Concept of Right: True coexistence is built on two types of “Right”—the freedom to live and the pursuit of intellectual truth. The Role of the State: Ethical calls for peace are not enough; a modern, tolerant state is required to legally protect the right to be different.
The Ancient Battle Against “The Wolf”
The poet Al-Uhaymir al-Sa’di once wrote about feeling more comfortable with a howling wolf than a fellow human. This sentiment predates the famous Western philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, who claimed “man is a wolf to man.” These perspectives highlight a dark truth: without rules, human nature often leads to conflict and evil. To counter this “wolfishness,” humanity developed shared values over thousands of years. Wisdom from ancient thinkers, prophets, and philosophers established a moral code. Values like love, altruism, and honesty were not just suggestions; they were survival tools designed to stop humans from destroying each other.
Why Modern Conflict Persists
Despite centuries of progress, humanity has not been cured of its violent tendencies. Wars continue over wealth, territory, and clashing ideologies. From the East to the West, many societies remain trapped in sectarian or nationalistic violence. This persistence of conflict suggests that even “modern” or “post-modern” eras can be more destructive than ancient religious wars. The urge to dominate others often overrides the rational pursuit of peace, leading to a world where “the wolf” still hides behind modern political labels.
Defining the “Right” to Coexist
A central solution to this cycle of violence is the concept of “Right.” According to the provided text, this concept has two essential meanings that must work together: Possession of Will: The freedom to live and enjoy life without taking away the freedom of others. Knowledge and Truth: The understanding of the world through reason. As the philosopher Averroes (Ibnu Rushd) famously said, “Truth does not contradict truth.” This means that while people may see the world differently, their various versions of “truth” can exist together if there is mutual respect.
The Need for a Tolerant State
Moral speeches and ethical pleas are rarely enough to maintain peace on their own. For people to live together safely, there must be a practical power to organize these differences. This is where the “State of Tolerance” and civil society organizations become vital. These institutions turn the abstract idea of “the right to be different” into a legal reality, ensuring that diversity does not lead to disaster.
A Call for Critical Courage
The path to global coexistence is slow and difficult, but it should not lead to despair. Global leaders and thinkers are encouraged to practice “critical courage”—the ability to look honestly at their own faults and the faults of others. By focusing on what we share as humans rather than what divides us, we can transform the way we live.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does it mean when philosophers say “man is a wolf to man”?
It refers to the idea that, without laws and social structures, humans tend to act with aggression and selfishness toward one another to survive or gain power.
How did ancient civilizations try to stop human conflict?
They created shared values like honesty, empathy, and cooperation. These were reinforced by religious leaders, philosophers, and the eventual creation of binding laws.
Why is the state important for peace?
While individuals can be moral, a state provides the legal framework and power to protect everyone’s rights. It ensures that different groups can coexist even when they disagree.
Can modern society ever truly end “wolfish” behavior?
The text suggests it is a constant battle for the human mind. While it is difficult to achieve, the “will to do good” and a focus on shared human rights can prevent society from surrendering to evil.
